2004 Total Whiteness

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Article Index

Ranking - Total Whiteness

Note: Rank is based on the total % of whiteness. Percent of whiteness was calculated by adding % of caucasian to % of unknowns. The lower the rank number (such as 1), the higher the percentage of whiteness. Remember, that total whiteness in the National LSAC Applications was 68.1%.
Rank	School (Blue=Not Historically White Law School)	State	%Whiteness
1	University of Montana	MT	95.6
2	University of Maine	ME	95.3
3	Samford University (Cumberland)	AL	94.7
4	University of Idaho	ID	93.7
5	Duquesne University	PA	93.4
6	University of South Carolina	SC	93
7	Northern Kentucky University (Chase)	KY	92.9
8	University of Kentucky	KY	92.7
9	Marquette University	WI	92.6
10	University of Richmond	VA	92.4
11	Campbell University	NC	92.3
11	University of Toledo	OH	92.3
13	University of Wyoming	WY	91.7
14	University of Nebraska–Lincoln	NE	91.6
14	Widener University	DE	91.6
16	Ohio Northern University	OH	91.5
17	University of Louisville (Brandeis)	KY	91.4
18	Southern Illinois University-Carbondale	IL	91.2
19	University of Alabama	AL	91.1
20	West Virginia University	WV	91
21	Drake University	IA	90.6
22	University of Akron	OH	90.4
22	University of Mississippi	MS	90.4
24	Mississippi College	MS	90.3
25	Suffolk University	MA	90.2
26	Quinnipiac University	CT	90.1
27	University of Pittsburgh	PA	89.9
28	Wake Forest University	NC	89.7
29	University of Missouri (Columbia)	MO	89.6
29	University of Utah (S.J. Quinney)	UT	89.6
31	Penn State University (Dickinson School of Law)	PA	89.4
32	Willamette University	OR	89.3
33	Appalachian School of Law	VA	89.1
34	Saint Louis University	MO	88.6
34	University of Missouri (Kansas City)	MO	88.6
34	Valparaiso University	IN	88.6
37	Creighton University	NE	88.5
38	Roger Williams University	RI	88.4
38	University of South Dakota	SD	88.4
40	Brigham Young University (J. Reuben Clark)	UT	88.2
41	Capital University	OH	88.1
42	Cleveland State University (Marshall)	OH	88
43	Villanova University	PA	87.9
44	Ave Maria School of Law	MI	87.8
45	William Mitchell College of Law	MN	87.7
46	Baylor University	TX	87.4
46	Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law	TX	87.4
48	University of Arkansas (Little Rock) (Bowen)	AR	87.3
49	University of North Dakota	ND	87.2
50	Chicago-Kent Illinois Institute of Technology	IL	86.7
50	Mercer University	GA	86.7
50	Vermont Law School	VT	86.7
50	Western New England College	MA	86.7
54	Hamline University	MN	86.6
54	University of Oklahoma	OK	86.6
56	University of Memphis	TN	86.5
57	University of Oregon	OR	86.4
58	Louisiana State University–Baton Rouge	LA	86.3
59	Washburn University	KS	85.8
60	Texas Tech University	TX	85.7
60	University of Tennessee (Knoxville)	TN	85.7
62	Gonzaga University	WA	85.4
63	George Mason University	VA	85.3
63	University of Kansas	KS	85.3
65	University of Connecticut	CT	85.1
65	University of Dayton	OH	85.1
67	Georgia State University	GA	84.5
68	Case Western Reserve University	OH	84.2
68	University of Georgia	GA	84.2
70	Wayne State University	MI	83.7
71	Indiana University–Indianapolis	IN	83.4
71	University of Virginia	VA	83.4
73	University of Iowa	IA	83.3
74	William and Mary Law School	VA	83.1
75	University at Buffalo	NY	82.9
76	New England School of Law	MA	82.8
77	Stetson University	FL	82.7
78	Pace University	NY	82.4
79	Franklin Pierce Law Center	NH	82.3
80	Albany Law School-Union University	NY	82.2
80	Michigan State University - Detroit College of Law	MI	82.2
80	Pepperdine University	CA	82.2
83	Indiana University–Bloomington	IN	82
83	John Marshall Law School	IL	82
83	Washington and Lee University	VA	82
86	University of Arkansas (Fayetteville )	AR	81.9
87	Regent University	VA	81.8
87	University of Colorado (Boulder)	CO	81.8
87	University of Denver	CO	81.8
90	Loyola University Chicago	IL	81.6
90	University of Cincinnati	OH	81.6
92	Rutgers State University–Camden	NJ	81.5
93	Temple University (Beasley)	PA	81.4
94	University of Tulsa	OK	81.3
95	University of Minnesota (Twin Cities)	MN	81.2
96	Ohio State University (Moritz)	OH	81
97	University of Houston	TX	80.9
98	Florida Coastal School of Law	FL	80.8
99	Emory University	GA	80.5
100	Lewis and Clark College (Northwestern)	OR	80.3
100	University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill	NC	80.3
102	University of Nevada	NV	80.2
103	Notre Dame Law School	IN	80
104	Oklahoma City University	OK	79.8
105	Loyola University-New Orleans	LA	79.4
105	Thomas Jefferson School of Law	CA	79.4
107	University of Baltimore	MD	79.3
108	University of Texas (Austin)	TX	79.1
109	Cardozo-Yeshiva University	NY	79
109	Washington University in St. Louis	MO	79
111	New York Law School	NY	78.8
112	Texas Wesleyan University	TX	78.6
113	Seton Hall University	NJ	78.2
113	University of the Pacific (McGeorge)	CA	78.2
115	Tulane University	LA	78.1
116	Barry University	FL	77.8
116	University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)	MI	77.8
118	Florida State University	FL	77.7
119	Seattle University	WA	77.6
120	Brooklyn Law School	NY	77.5
120	St. John's University	NY	77.5
122	Northern Illinois University	IL	77.4
123	Syracuse University	NY	77.1
124	Catholic University of America	DC	77
124	University of Maryland	MD	77
126	Boston College	MA	76.2
127	DePaul University	IL	76.1
128	Duke University	NC	75.9
129	California Western School of Law	CA	75.7
129	South Texas College of Law	TX	75.7
131	University of Wisconsin (Madison)	WI	75.6
132	University of Washington	WA	75.4
133	Northeastern University	MA	75.3
134	New York University	NY	75.1
134	University of Detroit Mercy	MI	75.1
136	Fordham University	NY	74.9
136	Hofstra University	NY	74.9
138	Touro College (Jacob D. Fuchsberg)	NY	74.1
139	Vanderbilt University	TN	74
140	Boston University	MA	73.9
141	Harvard University	MA	73.6
142	Chapman University	CA	73.4
142	University of Florida (Levin)	FL	73.4
144	University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign)	IL	73.1
145	Georgetown University	DC	72.9
145	University of Arizona (Rogers)	AZ	72.9
147	University of San Diego	CA	72.8
148	Cornell University	NY	72.6
149	American University (Washington College of Law)	DC	71.3
149	University of California (Los Angeles)	CA	71.3
151	University of Pennsylvania	PA	71
152	University of San Francisco	CA	70.6
153	Golden Gate University	CA	70.2
153	University of Chicago	IL	70.2
155	Arizona State University	AZ	69.3
156	Northwestern University	IL	68.3
157	George Washington University	DC	68.1
158	University of California (Hastings)	CA	67.2
159	University of Miami	FL	67.1
160	Yale University	CT	66.9
161	Stanford University	CA	66.6
162	University of California (Davis)	CA	65.7
163	University of California (Berkeley)	CA	65.2
163	University of New Mexico	NM	65.2
165	Nova Southeastern University	FL	64.2
166	St. Mary's University	TX	62.9
167	Rutgers State University–Newark	NJ	62.8
168	Southwestern University School of Law	CA	62.7
169	Thomas M. Cooley Law School	MI	62.3
170	Santa Clara University	CA	60.9
171	Loyola Law School	CA	60.8
172	Columbia University	NY	60
173	CUNY-Queens College	NY	59.5
174	Whittier Law School	CA	57.9
175	University of Southern California	CA	57.3
176	Western State University	CA	56.7
177	St. Thomas University	FL	52.2
178	North Carolina Central University (HBLS)	NC	50.7
179	University of District of Columbia	PR	38.5
180	Southern University (HBLS)	LA	35.5
181	University of Hawaii	HI	29.2
182	Texas Southern University (Thurgood Marshall) (HBLS)	TX	18.4
183	Howard University (HBLS)	DC	5.8
184	Inter-American University School of Law	PR	0
184	Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico	PR	0
184	University of Puerto Rico	PR	0

Alphabetical Listing (Total Whiteness)

Note: Rank is based on the total % of whiteness. Percent of whiteness was calculated by adding percent of caucasian to % unknown. The lower the rank number (such as 1), the higher the percentage of whiteness. Remember, that total whiteness in the National LSAC Application Pool was 68.1%.
Rank	School (n=187) (Blue=Not Historically White Law School)	State	%Total Whiteness
80	Albany Law School-Union University	NY	82.2
149	American University (Washington College of Law)	DC	71.3
33	Appalachian School of Law	VA	89.1
155	Arizona State University	AZ	69.3
44	Ave Maria School of Law	MI	87.8
116	Barry University	FL	77.8
46	Baylor University	TX	87.4
126	Boston College	MA	76.2
140	Boston University	MA	73.9
40	Brigham Young University (J. Reuben Clark)	UT	88.2
120	Brooklyn Law School	NY	77.5
129	California Western School of Law	CA	75.7
11	Campbell University	NC	92.3
41	Capital University	OH	88.1
109	Cardozo-Yeshiva University	NY	79
68	Case Western Reserve University	OH	84.2
124	Catholic University of America	DC	77
142	Chapman University	CA	73.4
50	Chicago-Kent Illinois Institute of Technology	IL	86.7
42	Cleveland State University (Marshall)	OH	88
172	Columbia University	NY	60
148	Cornell University	NY	72.6
37	Creighton University	NE	88.5
173	CUNY-Queens College	NY	59.5
127	DePaul University	IL	76.1
21	Drake University	IA	90.6
128	Duke University	NC	75.9
5	Duquesne University	PA	93.4
99	Emory University	GA	80.5
98	Florida Coastal School of Law	FL	80.8
118	Florida State University	FL	77.7
136	Fordham University	NY	74.9
79	Franklin Pierce Law Center	NH	82.3
63	George Mason University	VA	85.3
157	George Washington University	DC	68.1
145	Georgetown University	DC	72.9
67	Georgia State University	GA	84.5
153	Golden Gate University	CA	70.2
62	Gonzaga University	WA	85.4
54	Hamline University	MN	86.6
141	Harvard University	MA	73.6
136	Hofstra University	NY	74.9
183	Howard University	DC	5.8
83	Indiana University–Bloomington	IN	82
71	Indiana University–Indianapolis	IN	83.4
184	Inter-American University School of Law	PR	0
83	John Marshall Law School	IL	82
100	Lewis and Clark College (Northwestern)	OR	80.3
58	Louisiana State University–Baton Rouge	LA	86.3
171	Loyola Law School	CA	60.8
90	Loyola University Chicago	IL	81.6
105	Loyola University-New Orleans	LA	79.4
9	Marquette University	WI	92.6
50	Mercer University	GA	86.7
80	Michigan State University - Detroit College of Law	MI	82.2
24	Mississippi College	MS	90.3
76	New England School of Law	MA	82.8
111	New York Law School	NY	78.8
134	New York University	NY	75.1
178	North Carolina Central University	NC	50.7
133	Northeastern University	MA	75.3
122	Northern Illinois University	IL	77.4
7	Northern Kentucky University (Chase)	KY	92.9
156	Northwestern University	IL	68.3
103	Notre Dame Law School	IN	80
165	Nova Southeastern University	FL	64.2
16	Ohio Northern University	OH	91.5
96	Ohio State University (Moritz)	OH	81
104	Oklahoma City University	OK	79.8
78	Pace University	NY	82.4
31	Penn State University (Dickinson School of Law)	PA	89.4
80	Pepperdine University	CA	82.2
184	Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico	PR	0
26	Quinnipiac University	CT	90.1
87	Regent University	VA	81.8
38	Roger Williams University	RI	88.4
92	Rutgers State University–Camden	NJ	81.5
167	Rutgers State University–Newark	NJ	62.8
34	Saint Louis University	MO	88.6
3	Samford University (Cumberland)	AL	94.7
170	Santa Clara University	CA	60.9
119	Seattle University	WA	77.6
113	Seton Hall University	NJ	78.2
129	South Texas College of Law	TX	75.7
18	Southern Illinois University-Carbondale	IL	91.2
46	Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law	TX	87.4
180	Southern University	LA	35.5
168	Southwestern University School of Law	CA	62.7
120	St. John's University	NY	77.5
166	St. Mary's University	TX	62.9
177	St. Thomas University	FL	52.2
161	Stanford University	CA	66.6
77	Stetson University	FL	82.7
25	Suffolk University	MA	90.2
123	Syracuse University	NY	77.1
93	Temple University (Beasley)	PA	81.4
182	Texas Southern University (Thurgood Marshall)1	TX	18.4
60	Texas Tech University	TX	85.7
112	Texas Wesleyan University	TX	78.6
105	Thomas Jefferson School of Law	CA	79.4
169	Thomas M. Cooley Law School	MI	62.3
138	Touro College (Jacob D. Fuchsberg)	NY	74.1
115	Tulane University	LA	78.1
75	University at Buffalo	NY	82.9
22	University of Akron	OH	90.4
19	University of Alabama	AL	91.1
145	University of Arizona (Rogers)	AZ	72.9
86	University of Arkansas (Fayetteville )	AR	81.9
48	University of Arkansas (Little Rock) (Bowen)	AR	87.3
107	University of Baltimore	MD	79.3
163	University of California (Berkeley)	CA	65.2
162	University of California (Davis)	CA	65.7
158	University of California (Hastings)	CA	67.2
149	University of California (Los Angeles)	CA	71.3
153	University of Chicago	IL	70.2
90	University of Cincinnati	OH	81.6
87	University of Colorado (Boulder)	CO	81.8
65	University of Connecticut	CT	85.1
65	University of Dayton	OH	85.1
87	University of Denver	CO	81.8
134	University of Detroit Mercy	MI	75.1
179	University of District of Columbia	PR	38.5
142	University of Florida (Levin)	FL	73.4
68	University of Georgia	GA	84.2
181	University of Hawaii	HI	29.2
97	University of Houston	TX	80.9
4	University of Idaho	ID	93.7
144	University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign)	IL	73.1
73	University of Iowa	IA	83.3
63	University of Kansas	KS	85.3
8	University of Kentucky	KY	92.7
17	University of Louisville (Brandeis)	KY	91.4
2	University of Maine	ME	95.3
124	University of Maryland	MD	77
56	University of Memphis	TN	86.5
159	University of Miami	FL	67.1
116	University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)	MI	77.8
95	University of Minnesota (Twin Cities)	MN	81.2
22	University of Mississippi	MS	90.4
29	University of Missouri (Columbia)	MO	89.6
34	University of Missouri (Kansas City)	MO	88.6
1	University of Montana	MT	95.6
14	University of Nebraska–Lincoln	NE	91.6
102	University of Nevada	NV	80.2
163	University of New Mexico	NM	65.2
100	University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill	NC	80.3
49	University of North Dakota	ND	87.2
54	University of Oklahoma	OK	86.6
57	University of Oregon	OR	86.4
151	University of Pennsylvania	PA	71
27	University of Pittsburgh	PA	89.9
184	University of Puerto Rico	PR	0
10	University of Richmond	VA	92.4
147	University of San Diego	CA	72.8
152	University of San Francisco	CA	70.6
6	University of South Carolina	SC	93
38	University of South Dakota	SD	88.4
175	University of Southern California	CA	57.3
60	University of Tennessee (Knoxville)	TN	85.7
108	University of Texas (Austin)	TX	79.1
113	University of the Pacific (McGeorge)	CA	78.2
11	University of Toledo	OH	92.3
94	University of Tulsa	OK	81.3
29	University of Utah (S.J. Quinney)	UT	89.6
71	University of Virginia	VA	83.4
132	University of Washington	WA	75.4
131	University of Wisconsin (Madison)	WI	75.6
13	University of Wyoming	WY	91.7
34	Valparaiso University	IN	88.6
139	Vanderbilt University	TN	74
50	Vermont Law School	VT	86.7
43	Villanova University	PA	87.9
28	Wake Forest University	NC	89.7
59	Washburn University	KS	85.8
83	Washington and Lee University	VA	82
109	Washington University in St. Louis	MO	79
70	Wayne State University	MI	83.7
20	West Virginia University	WV	91
50	Western New England College	MA	86.7
176	Western State University	CA	56.7
174	Whittier Law School	CA	57.9
14	Widener University	DE	91.6
32	Willamette University	OR	89.3
73	William and Mary Law School	VA	83.1
45	William Mitchell College of Law	MN	87.7
160	Yale University	CT	66.9

Descriptive Statistics - Total Whiteness

Basic Descriptive Statistics

This analysis is based on the percent of the total student body that is white; that is Law School Whiteness. 179 schools were included in this analysis. Average Whiteness is 79.90 and half the law schools have Whiteness above 81.60.

The highest level of whiteness is The University of Montana with 95.6% Whiteness (percent of white students).

The lowest is the University of Hawaii with 29.2% Whiteness. However, because the University of Hawaii serves the population of its state which is non-white, it may be more properly excluded.

66 schools (36.9%) have Whiteness greater than or equal to 85%

4 schools (1.7%) have Whiteness less than or equal to 39.99%

Almost half of the schools (49.2%) have Whiteness between 70 to 84.9%.

Region.

Midwest has the greatest percentage of schools (83.3%) with Whiteness over 85%; while the Great Lakes has the largest number of schools (13) with Whiteness over 85%.

Three Regions (Southeast, Midsouth, and Far West) each has 1 school with Whiteness less than 55%.

The difference in distribution in schools and whiteness by region is statistically significant (p=.01). That is there is less than a 1% probability that the distribution occurred by chance.

Tier

The 3rd Tier has the greatest percentage (66.7%) and the most number (24) of schools with Whiteness over 85%.

Of the three schools that have Whiteness below 55%, 1 is a 2nd tier school; 1 is a 4th Tier School and 1 has No US News Ranking because it didn't report the information

The 1st tier has the fewest school (7/14%) with Whiteness greater than or equal to 85%.

The difference in distribution in schools and whiteness by tier was statistically significant (p=.000). That is there was less than .000 probability that the distribution occurred by chance.

One reason, the distribution may occur as it does is that as law schools attempt to move from fourth tier into 3rd tier, they attempt to get more selective and increase median LSAT. Both these moves would effect admission of non-white applicants.

Private/Public Status

Public law schools have the greatest percentage (51.5%) and largest number (34) of schools with Whiteness greater than or equal to 85%.

Of the three schools that has Whiteness below 55%, 1 is a private and 2 are public.

The difference in distribution in schools and whiteness by tier is significant (p=.074). That is there is less than a 7.4% probability that the distribution occurred by chance.

Descriptive Statistics for Historically White Law Schools
N	179
Mean	79.903
Median	81.600
Minimum	29.2
Maximum	95.6

Percent of Whiteness in Historically White Law Schools
	Number	Percent
0.01 to 39.99%	2	1.1
40 to 54.99%	1	0.6
55.0 to 69.9%	22	12.3
70 to 84.99%	88	49.2
>=85.00%	66	36.9

Percent of Law School Whiteness by Tier
Tier	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Median
1st Tier (USNews)	57.3	91.1	76.550	76.050
2nd Tier (USNews)	29.2	93.0	79.984	81.700
3rd Tier (USNews)	62.7	95.6	86.178	88.050
4th Tier (USNews)	52.2	92.9	79.554	81.800
No US News Ranking	38.5	89.1	71.683	79.000
Total	29.2	95.6	79.903	81.600

	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
ANOVA(Combined)	2389.763	4	597.441	6.251	.000

Percent of Whiteness in Historically White Law School By Tier Percent = row Example: of 1st Tier Schools 9 or 18% was between 55 to 69% white and 7 were over 85% white
	0.01 to 39.99 % White	40.0 to 54.99 % White	55.0 to 69.99% White	70 to 84.99% white	>=85.00
1st Tier (USNews)			9	34	7	50
1st Tier (USNews)			18.0%	68.0%	14.0%	100.0%
2nd Tier (USNews)	1		6	25	18	50
2nd Tier (USNews)	2.0%		12.0%	50.0%	36.0%	100.0%
3rd Tier (USNews)			1	11	24	36
3rd Tier (USNews)			2.8%	30.6%	66.7%	100.0%
4th Tier (USNews)		1	5	16	15	37
4th Tier (USNews)		2.7%	13.5%	43.2%	40.5%	100.0%
No US News Ranking	1		1	2	2	6
No US News Ranking	16.7%		16.7%	33.3%	33.3%	100.0%
Total	2	1	22	88	66	179
Total	1.1%	.6%	12.3%	49.2%	36.9%	100.0%

Percent of Whiteness in Historically White Law School By Tier Percent = column Example: of schools with greater than or equal to 85% whiteness 7 or 10.6% are in the 1st Tier and 24 or 36.4 are in the 3rd Tier
	0.01 to 39.99 % White	40.0 to 54.99 % White	55.0 to 69.99% White	70 to 84.99% white	>=85.00
1st Tier (USNews)			9	34	7	50
1st Tier (USNews)			40.9%	38.6%	10.6%	27.9%
2nd Tier (USNews)	1		6	25	18	50
2nd Tier (USNews)	50.0%		27.3%	28.4%	27.3%	27.9%
3rd Tier (USNews)			1	11	24	36
3rd Tier (USNews)			4.5%	12.5%	36.4%	20.1%
4th Tier (USNews)		1	5	16	15	37
4th Tier (USNews)		100.0%	22.7%	18.2%	22.7%	20.7%
No US News Ranking	1		1	2	2	6
No US News Ranking	50.0%		4.5%	2.3%	3.0%	3.4%
	2	1	22	88	66	179
	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%

	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	45.311	16	.000
15 cells (60.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .03.

Status	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Median
Private	52.2	94.7	78.731	79.400
Public	29.2	95.6	81.566	83.550
Total	29.2	95.6	79.903	81.600

Percent of Whiteness in Historically White Law School By Region Percent = row Example: of schools in the Northeast 4 or 16.7% or over 85% white and 17 or 70.8% or between 40 to 84.9% white
	0.01 to 39.99 % White	40.0 to 54.99 % White	55.0 to 69.99% White	70 to 84.99% white	>=85.00
Northeast			3	17	4	24
Northeast			12.5%	70.8%	16.7%	100.0%
New England			1	6	7	14
New England			7.1%	42.9%	50.0%	100.0%
Southcentral			1	9	6	16
Southcentral			6.3%	56.3%	37.5%	100.0%
Southeast		1	2	8	6	17
Southeast		5.9%	11.8%	47.1%	35.3%	100.0%
Midsouth	1		1	12	12	26
Midsouth	3.8%		3.8%	46.2%	46.2%	100.0%
Midwest				2	10	12
Midwest				16.7%	83.3%	100.0%
Great Lakes			2	18	13	33
Great Lakes			6.1%	54.5%	39.4%	100.0%
Mountain West			2	3	5	10
Mountain West			20.0%	30.0%	50.0%	100.0%
Northwest				3	3	6
Northwest				50.0%	50.0%	100.0%
Far West	1		10	10		21
Far West	4.8%		47.6%	47.6%		100.0%
	2	1	22	88	66	179
	1.1%	.6%	12.3%	49.2%	36.9%	100.0%

Percent of Whiteness in Historically White Law School By Region Percent = column Example: of schools with greater than or equal to 85% whiteness 4 or 6.1% are in the Northeast and 13 or 19.7 are in the Great Lakes region
	0.01 to 39.99 % White	40.0 to 54.99 % White	55.0 to 69.99% White	70 to 84.99% white	>=85.00	Total
Northeast			3	17	4	24
Northeast			13.6%	19.3%	6.1%	13.4%
New England			1	6	7	14
New England			4.5%	6.8%	10.6%	7.8%
Southcentral			1	9	6	16
Southcentral			4.5%	10.2%	9.1%	8.9%
Southeast		1	2	8	6	17
Southeast		100.0%	9.1%	9.1%	9.1%	9.5%
Midsouth	1		1	12	12	26
Midsouth	50.0%		4.5%	13.6%	18.2%	14.5%
Midwest				2	10	12
Midwest				2.3%	15.2%	6.7%
Great Lakes			2	18	13	33
Great Lakes			9.1%	20.5%	19.7%	18.4%
Mountain West			2	3	5	10
Mountain West			9.1%	3.4%	7.6%	5.6%
Northwest				3	3	6
Northwest				3.4%	4.5%	3.4%
Far West	1		10	10		21
Far West	50.0%		45.5%	11.4%		11.7%
	2	1	22	88	66	179
	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%

	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	68.256	36	.001
N of Valid Cases	179
a 35 cells (70.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .03.

Percent of Whiteness in Historically White Law School By Private/Public Status Percent = row Example: of Private Law Schools 32 or 30.5% are over 85% white and 1 or 1.% was between 40 to 54.9% white
	0.01 to 39.99 % White	40.0 to 54.99 % White	55.0 to 69.99% White	70 to 84.99% white	>=85.00
Private		1	15	57	32	105
Private		1.0%	14.3%	54.3%	30.5%	100.0%
Public	2		7	31	34	74
Public	2.7%		9.5%	41.9%	45.9%	100.0%
	2	1	22	88	66	179
	1.1%	.6%	12.3%	49.2%	36.9%	100.0%

Percent of Whiteness in Historically White Law School By Private/Public Status Percent = column Example: of schools with greater than or equal to 85% whiteness 32 or 48.5% are private schools and 34 or 51.5% are public schools.
	0.01 to 39.99 % White	40.0 to 54.99 % White	55.0 to 69.99% White	70 to 84.99% white	>=85.00
Private:		1	15	57	32	105
Private:		100.0%	68.2%	64.8%	48.5%	58.7%
Public:	2		7	31	34	74
Public:	100.0%		31.8%	35.2%	51.5%	41.3%
Total:	2	1	22	88	66	179
Total:	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%

	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	8.539	4	.074
N of Valid Cases	179
a 4 cells (40.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .41.

Total Whiteness in State LSAC Applications

Rank	State	Total	White	%Whiteness
26	ALABAMA	892	672	75.3
28	ALASKA	120	89	74.2
31	ARIZONA	1384	1009	72.9
17	ARKANSAS	643	521	81.0
51	CALIFORNIA	11925	5733	48.1
50	CANADIAN PROVINCES	737	388	52.6
21	COLORADO	1510	1190	78.8
30	CONNECTICUT	1461	1068	73.1
41	DELAWARE	283	187	66.1
47	DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA	969	540	55.7
46	FLORIDA	5170	2953	57.1
43	GEORGIA	2788	1738	62.3
54	GUAM	19	3	15.8
53	HAWAII	329	72	21.9
14	IDAHO	284	240	84.5
36	ILLINOIS	4571	3137	68.6
23	INDIANA	1706	1337	78.4
8	IOWA	794	692	87.2
13	KANSAS	756	640	84.7
11	KENTUCKY	1065	908	85.3
40	LOUISIANA	1610	1070	66.5
6	MAINE	295	259	87.8
49	MARYLAND	2440	1313	53.8
27	MASSACHUSETTS	2949	2200	74.6
34	MICHIGAN	2844	1973	69.4
15	MINNESOTA	1435	1194	83.2
35	MISSISSIPPI	701	486	69.3
19	MISSOURI	1566	1236	78.9
1	MONTANA	250	226	90.4
7	NEBRASKA	485	423	87.2
39	NEVADA	548	365	66.6
9	NEW HAMPSHIRE	297	254	85.5
42	NEW JERSEY	3758	2348	62.5
48	NEW MEXICO	375	206	54.9
44	NEW YORK	9329	5761	61.8
37	NORTH CAROLINA	2350	1609	68.5
4	NORTH DAKOTA	169	152	89.9
19	OHIO	3539	2792	78.9
33	OKLAHOMA	847	592	69.9
24	OREGON	839	646	77.0
52	OTHER TERRITORIES	30	7	23.3
22	PENNSYLVANIA	3789	2977	78.6
57	PUERTO RICO	1287	17	1.3
16	RHODE ISLAND	292	242	82.9
25	SOUTH CAROLINA	1051	796	75.7
2	SOUTH DAKOTA	182	164	90.1
56	STATE NOT INDICATED	1899	93	4.9
29	TENNESSEE	1369	1002	73.2
45	TEXAS	6797	4043	59.5
12	UTAH	1131	964	85.2
10	VERMONT	144	123	85.4
55	VIRGIN ISLANDS	17	2	11.8
38	VIRGINIA	3387	2276	67.2
32	WASHINGTON	1936	1379	71.2
5	WEST VIRGINIA	453	404	89.2
18	WISCONSIN	1556	1258	80.8
2	WYOMING	152	137	90.1

Total Whiteness in Regional LSAC Applications

Region	Total Applications	Number White	% White
Far West	12851	6180	48.09
Great Lakes	15651	11691	74.70
MidSouth	12316	8239	66.90
Midwest	3952	3307	83.68
Mountain West	5086	3972	78.10
New England	5438	4146	76.24
Northeast	16876	11086	65.69
Northwest	2895	2114	73.02
Southcentral	9897	6226	62.91
Southeast	11906	6664	55.97

State	Region
ALABAMA	Southeast
ALASKA	Northwest
ARIZONA	Mountain West
ARKANSAS	SouthCentral
CALIFORNIA	Far West
COLORADO	Mountain West
CONNECTICUT	New England
DELAWARE	MidSouth
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA	MidSouth
FLORIDA	Southeast
GEORGIA	Southeast
GUAM	Far West
HAWAII	Far West
IDAHO	Mountain West
ILLINOIS	Great Lakes
INDIANA	Great Lakes
IOWA	Midwest
KANSAS	Midwest
KENTUCKY	MidSouth
LOUISIANA	SouthCentral
MAINE	New England
MARYLAND	MidSouth
MASSACHUSETTS	New England
MICHIGAN	Great Lakes
MINNESOTA	Great Lakes
MISSISSIPPI	Southeast
MISSOURI	Midwest
MONTANA	Mountain West
NEBRASKA	Midwest
NEVADA	Far West
NEW HAMPSHIRE	New England
NEW JERSEY	Northeast
NEW MEXICO	Mountain West
NEW YORK	Northeast
NORTH CAROLINA	MidSouth
NORTH DAKOTA	Midwest
OHIO	Great Lakes
OKLAHOMA	SouthCentral
OREGON	Northwest
OTHER TERRITORIES	Far West
PENNSYLVANIA	Northeast
PUERTO RICO	Southeast
RHODE ISLAND	New England
SOUTH CAROLINA	Southeast
SOUTH DAKOTA	Midwest
STATE NOT INDICATED
TENNESSEE	MidSouth
TEXAS	SouthCentral
UTAH	Mountain West
VERMONT	New England
VIRGIN ISLANDS	Southeast
VIRGINIA	MidSouth
WASHINGTON	Northwest
WEST VIRGINIA	MidSouth
WISCONSIN	Great Lakes
WYOMING	Mountain West

Region	State
Far West	CALIFORNIA
	GUAM
	HAWAII
	NEVADA
	OTHER TERRITORIES
Great Lakes	ILLINOIS
	INDIANA
	MICHIGAN
	MINNESOTA
	OHIO
	WISCONSIN
MidSouth	DELAWARE
	DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
	KENTUCKY
	MARYLAND
	NORTH CAROLINA
	TENNESSEE
	VIRGINIA
	WEST VIRGINIA
Midwest	IOWA
	KANSAS
	MISSOURI
	NEBRASKA
	NORTH DAKOTA
	SOUTH DAKOTA
Mountain West	ARIZONA
	COLORADO
	IDAHO
	MONTANA
	NEW MEXICO
	UTAH
	WYOMING
New England	CONNECTICUT
	MAINE
	MASSACHUSETTS
	NEW HAMPSHIRE
	RHODE ISLAND
	VERMONT
Northeast	NEW JERSEY
	NEW YORK
	PENNSYLVANIA
Northwest	ALASKA
	OREGON
	WASHINGTON
SouthCentral	ARKANSAS
	LOUISIANA
	OKLAHOMA
	TEXAS
Southeast	ALABAMA
	FLORIDA
	GEORGIA
	MISSISSIPPI
	PUERTO RICO
	SOUTH CAROLINA
	VIRGIN ISLANDS

Unknown Race and Total Whiteness

Overall Statistics - Unknown Race
Status	Mean	Median	Std. Error of Mean	Minimum	Maximum
Total	4.2525	1.1000	.4753	.00	34.40

Private versus Public Status
Status	Mean	Median	Std. Error of Mean	Minimum	Maximum
Private	4.4724	1.1000	.6519	.00	34.40
Public	3.9405	1.1000	.6866	.00	26.50
Total	4.2525	1.1000	.4753	.00	34.40

Region
Region	Mean	Median	Std. Error of Mean	Minimum	Maximum
Northeast	4.0333	.3000	1.6121	.00	34.40
New England	6.8929	3.7000	2.1101	.00	25.00
Southcentral	2.0063	.3500	.7654	.00	11.20
Southeast	3.9588	1.6000	1.6604	.00	27.60
Midsouth	3.3346	.1500	1.1799	.00	23.70
Midwest	2.6833	1.1000	1.1098	.00	12.80
Great Lakes	3.1576	1.0000	.8047	.00	19.50
Mountain West	2.7600	.3000	1.6013	.00	16.40
Northwest	4.6833	3.7000	2.1489	.00	11.10
Far West	9.0333	6.6000	1.6671	.00	26.50
Total	4.2525	1.1000	.4753	.00	34.40

Tier
Tier	Mean	Median	Std. Error of Mean	Minimum	Maximum
1st Tier (USNews)	5.7600	1.5000	1.1524	.00	34.40
2nd Tier (USNews)	2.5580	.1000	.5760	.00	16.40
3rd Tier (US News)	3.9111	2.0500	.8129	.00	18.90
4th Tier (US News)	5.0973	1.8000	1.2107	.00	27.60
No US News Ranking	2.6500	1.8000	1.2154	.00	6.60

Spearman's Rho
	Region	Status	Tier
Correlation Coefficient	.144	-.017	-.006
Sig. (2-tailed)	.055	.821	.941
N	179	179	17

Alphabetical Listing
School	White Identified	Race Unknown	Total whiteness
Albany Law School-Union University	81.7	0.5	82.2
American University (Washington College of Law)	61.7	9.6	71.3
Appalachian School of Law	72.5	0.4	72.6
Arizona State University	69.3	0	69.3
Ave Maria School of Law	87.8	0	87.8
Barry University	74.6	3.2	77.8
Baylor University	87.4	0	87.4
Boston College	67.5	8.7	76.2
Boston University	73.9	0	73.9
Brigham Young University (J. Reuben Clark)	88.2	0	88.2
Brooklyn Law School	77.5	0	77.5
California Western School of Law	63.9	11.8	75.7
Campbell University	91.7	0.6	92.3
Capital University	85	3.1	88.1
Cardozo-Yeshiva University	79	0	79
Case Western Reserve University	84.2	0	84.2
Catholic University of America	76.9	0	76.9
Chapman University	65.6	7.8	73.4
Chicago-Kent Illinois Institute of Technology	79.7	7	86.7
Cleveland State University (Marshall)	86.2	1.8	88
Columbia University	59.7	0.3	60
Cornell University	72.6	0	72.6
Creighton University	88.5	0	88.5
CUNY-Queens College	53.2	6.1	59.3
DePaul University	69.1	7	76.1
Drake University	90.6	0	90.6
Duke University	68.2	7.7	75.9
Duquesne University	93.4	0	93.4
Emory University	80.2	0.3	80.5
Florida Coastal School of Law	53.2	27.6	80.8
Florida State University	76	1.7	77.7
Fordham University	69.3	5.6	74.9
Franklin Pierce Law Center	71	11.3	82.3
George Mason University	85.3	0	85.3
George Washington University	61.6	6.5	68.1
Georgetown University	72.8	0.2	73
Georgia State University	75.4	9.1	84.5
Golden Gate University	55.8	14.4	70.2
Gonzaga University	85.4	0	85.4
Hamline University	85.9	0.7	86.6
Harvard University	53.4	20.2	73.6
Hofstra University	58.9	16	74.9
Howard University	4.8	1	5.8
Indiana University–Bloomington	77.4	4.6	82
Indiana University–Indianapolis	83.4	0	83.4
Inter-American University School of Law	0	0	0
John Marshall Law School	81	1	82
Lewis and Clark College (Northwestern)	69.2	11.1	80.3
Louisiana State University–Baton Rouge	84.9	1.4	86.3
Loyola Law School	54.3	6.5	60.8
Loyola University Chicago	77.9	3.7	81.6
Loyola University-New Orleans	74	5.4	79.4
Marquette University	92.4	0.2	92.6
Mercer University	79.5	7.3	86.8
Michigan State University - Detroit College of Law	81.1	1.1	82.2
Mississippi College	90.3	0	90.3
New England School of Law	80.5	2.3	82.8
New York Law School	75.1	3.7	78.8
New York University	40.7	34.4	75.1
North Carolina Central University	49.6	1.1	50.7
Northeastern University	75.3	0	75.3
Northern Illinois University	77.4	0	77.4
Northern Kentucky University (Chase)	92.9	0	92.9
Northwestern University	48.8	19.5	68.3
Notre Dame Law School	80	0	80
Nova Southeastern University	63.4	0.8	64.2
Ohio Northern University	91.5	0	91.5
Ohio State University (Moritz)	81	0	81
Oklahoma City University	79.8	0	79.8
Pace University	78.1	4.3	82.4
Penn State University (Dickinson School of Law)	88.6	0.8	89.4
Pepperdine University	63.3	18.9	82.2
Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico	0	0	0
Quinnipiac University	90.1	0	90.1
Regent University	77.6	4.2	81.8
Roger Williams University	77.5	10.9	88.4
Rutgers State University–Camden	81.5	0	81.5
Rutgers State University–Newark	62.8	0	62.8
Saint Louis University	82.2	6.4	88.6
Samford University (Cumberland)	94.7	0	94.7
Santa Clara University	60.9	0	60.9
Seattle University	70.2	7.4	77.6
Seton Hall University	78.2	0	78.2
South Texas College of Law	75.7	0	75.7
Southern Illinois University-Carbondale	86	5.2	91.2
Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law	84.4	0	84.4
Southern University	35.5	0	35.5
Southwestern University School of Law	61.3	1.4	62.7
St. John's University	63.7	13.7	77.4
St. Mary's University	62.9	0	62.9
St. Thomas University	48.5	3.7	52.2
Stanford University	56.5	10.1	66.6
Stetson University	81.1	1.6	82.7
Suffolk University	85.1	5.1	90.2
Syracuse University	77.1	0	77.1
Temple University (Beasley)	80	1.4	81.4
Texas Southern University (Thurgood Marshall)1	15.5	2.9	18.4
Texas Tech University	74.5	11.2	85.7
Texas Wesleyan University	73.5	5.1	78.6
Thomas Jefferson School of Law	79.4	0	79.4
Thomas M. Cooley Law School	61.7	0.6	62.3
Touro College (Jacob D. Fuchsberg)	74.1	0	74.1
Tulane University	78.1	0	78.1
University at Buffalo	73.1	9.7	82.8
University of Akron	87.9	2.5	90.4
University of Alabama	91.1	0	91.1
University of Arizona (Rogers)	72.5	0.4	72.9
University of Arkansas (Fayetteville )	81.9	0	81.9
University of Arkansas (Little Rock) (Bowen)	87.3	0	87.3
University of Baltimore	70.4	8.9	79.3
University of California (Berkeley)	44.4	20.8	65.2
University of California (Davis)	51	14.7	65.7
University of California (Hastings)	47	20.3	67.3
University of California (Los Angeles)	44.8	26.5	71.3
University of Chicago	66	4.2	70.2
University of Cincinnati	81.6	0	81.6
University of Colorado (Boulder)	81.4	0.2	81.6
University of Connecticut	83	2.1	85.1
University of Dayton	85.1	0	85.1
University of Denver	78.4	3.4	81.8
University of Detroit Mercy	67.2	7.9	75.1
University of District of Columbia	38.5	0	38.5
University of Florida (Levin)	72.5	0.9	73.4
University of Georgia	75	9.2	84.2
University of Hawaii	25	4.2	29.2
University of Houston	80.2	0.7	80.9
University of Idaho	90.5	3.2	93.7
University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign)	64.5	8.6	73.1
University of Iowa	79.1	4.2	83.3
University of Kansas	83.3	2	85.3
University of Kentucky	92.7	0	92.7
University of Louisville (Brandeis)	91.4	0	91.4
University of Maine	86.3	9	95.3
University of Maryland	75.9	1.1	77
University of Memphis	86.5	0	86.5
University of Miami	67.1	0	67.1
University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)	62.8	15	77.8
University of Minnesota (Twin Cities)	80.1	1.1	81.2
University of Mississippi	90.2	0.2	90.4
University of Missouri (Columbia)	86.9	2.7	89.6
University of Missouri (Kansas City)	88.4	0.2	88.6
University of Montana	95.6	0	95.6
University of Nebraska–Lincoln	91.6	0	91.6
University of Nevada	73.6	6.6	80.2
University of New Mexico	48.8	16.4	65.2
University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill	80.2	0.1	80.3
University of North Dakota	74.4	12.8	87.2
University of Oklahoma	84.5	2.1	86.6
University of Oregon	86.4	0	86.4
University of Pennsylvania	71	0	71
University of Pittsburgh	89.6	0.3	89.9
University of Puerto Rico	0	0	0
University of Richmond	92.4	0	92.4
University of San Diego	72.8	0	72.8
University of San Francisco	67.9	2.7	70.6
University of South Carolina	91.3	1.7	93
University of South Dakota	88.4	0	88.4
University of Southern California	51.3	6	57.3
University of Tennessee (Knoxville)	85.7	0	85.7
University of Texas (Austin)	74.2	4.9	79.1
University of the Pacific (McGeorge)	84.9	7.4	92.3
University of Toledo	84.9	7.4	92.3
University of Tulsa	78.3	3	81.3
University of Utah (S.J. Quinney)	89.6	0	89.6
University of Virginia	66	17.4	83.4
University of Washington	75.4	0	75.4
University of Wisconsin (Madison)	75.5	0.1	75.6
University of Wyoming	87.7	4	91.7
Valparaiso University	88.4	0.2	88.6
Vanderbilt University	73.8	0.2	74
Vermont Law School	86.7	0	86.7
Villanova University	87.9	0	87.9
Wake Forest University	89.7	0	89.7
Washburn University	85.8	0	85.8
Washington and Lee University	82	0	82
Washington University in St. Louis	75.2	3.9	79.1
Wayne State University	83.7	0	83.7
West Virginia University	91	0	91
Western New England College	61.7	25	86.7
Western State University	51	5.7	56.7
Whittier Law School	54	3.9	57.9
Widener University	67.9	23.7	91.6
Willamette University	79.7	9.6	89.3
William and Mary Law School	77	6.1	83.1
William Mitchell College of Law	87.7	0	87.7
Yale University	65	1.9	66.9

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Race, Racism and the Law
Vernellia R. Randall
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