Race Relations in the United States (2002) Survey

Details: Parent Category: Stereotype, Bias, Racism; Category: Defining Racism; 06 May 2019; Hits: 5700

Race Relations in the United States (2002) Survey 2002 (n=1695)

Vernellia R. Randall
The University of Dayton

In your view, are racial minorities in the United States today routinely discriminated against?

How serious a problem do you think racial discrimination is: where you live? at your place of employment or school? in the practice of law? in the administration of justice?

Do you think that relations between racial minorities and whites will always be a problem for the United States or that a solution will eventually be worked out?

How do you think white people feel about minorities? minorities feel about white people?

Who do you think is more responsible for poor status of race relations in America?

On the whole, do you think most white people want to see minorities get a better break, or do they want to keep minorities down or don't you think they care either way?

Over the last 10 years, how has the quality of life changed for minorities?

What do you think about racial minorities chances for good employment? chances of getting a good education? chances of being stopped by a police officer? chances of being imprisoned?

As you may have heard, a number of black churches have been destroyed by fire in the United States over the last few years.

Demographics

In your view, are racial minorities in the United States today routinely discriminated against?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Yes	93.0%	79.0%	82.9%	73.4%	85.0%	78.2%	72.4	79.4%	80.5%	89.2%	87.6%	77.2%	85.6%	81.2%	78.6%
No	4.7%	16.4%	13.2%	19.3%	10.8%	17.6%	23.2	13.6%	15.8%	9.9%	9.4%	17.7%	11.5%	14.5%	15.5%
No Opinion	2.2%	4.6%	3.9%	7.2%	4.2%	4.3%	9.4	7.0%	3.8%	1.0%	2.9%	5.1%	2.8%	4.3%	6.0%

How serious a problem do you think racial discrimination is where you live?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Very Serious	51.8%	24.8%	19.7%	16.4%	31.8%	31.4%	22.0	16.2%	33.9%	49.8%	34.8%	31.7%	38.2%	27.4%	23.5%
Somewhat Serious	29.1%	35.7%	39.5%	39.1%	34.9%	33.2%	34.2	35.2%	36.1%	30.0%	33.1%	34.9%	32.6%	36.0%	48.2%
Not too Serious	16.0%	27.1%	28.9%	33.3%	26.1%	21.5%	25.4	35.2%	21.9%	13.7%	21.3%	22.5%	21.2%	29.3%	18.8%
Not Serious	2.0%	11.3%	9.2%	8.7%	6.2%	12.1%	16.6	11.3%	7.1%	6.0%	9.2%	9.5%	6.5%	6.5%	8.2%
No Opinion	1.1%	1.0%	2.6%	2.4%	.9%	1.8%	1.7	2.1%	1.0%	.5%	1.6%	1.3%	1.4%	.8%	1.2%

How serious a problem do you think racial discrimination is at your place of employment or school?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Very Serious	36.4%	14.1%	11.8%	14.4%	20.5%	21.7%	14.9%	12.9%	22.1%	30.4%	24.5%	23.9%	22.2%	18.4%	14.3%
Somewhat Serious	31.2%	25.9%	25.0%	15.9%	27.6%	23.3%	20.9%	24.4%	25.0%	29.0%	25.2%	21.0%	29.8%	25.3%	28.6%
Not too Serious	15.1%	26.3%	36.8%	27.9%	24.7%	21.7%	23.6%	29.5%	21.6%	18.4%	21.9%	22.6%	21.6%	29.6%	17.9%
Not Serious	14.2%	31.2%	23.7%	38.5%	25.4%	29.3%	36.5%	31.1%	29.3%	17.6%	25.8%	29.3%	24.4%	24.8%	31.0%
No Opinion	3.1%	2.4%	2.6%	3.4%	1.9%	4.1%	4.1%	2.0%	2.1%	4.6%	2.6%	3.2%	2.0%	1.9%	8.3%

How serious is racial discrimination in the practice of Law?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Very Serious	75.8%	44.6%	44.6%	31.7%	53.9%	49.6%	38.9%	37.2%	55.2%	69.6%	61.8%	45.9%	57.2%	52.7%	44.7%
Somewhat Serious	17.2%	27.2%	25.7%	33.7%	28.2%	19.4%	19.9%	32.3%	23.0%	17.3%	22.7%	25.6%	21.4%	22.8%	27.1%
Not too Serious	2.7%	12.4%	17.6%	14.4%	8.7%	12.1%	15.9%	15.7%	7.9%	4.8%	6.3%	11.4%	9.6%	10.2%	14.1%
Not Serious	1.8%	10.1%	6.8%	12.0%	4.3%	13.9%	19.9%	8.0%	9.8%	4.8%	6.9%	11.4%	6.8%	7.3%	7.1%
No Opinion	2.5%	5.7%	5.4%	8.2%	4.9%	5.2%	5.4%	6.8%	4.1%	3.4%	2.3%	5.7%	5.1%	7.0%	7.1%

How serious a problem do you think racial discrimination is in the administration of justice?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Very Serious	81.7%	50.7%	50.7%	33.8%	58.7%	56.2%	44.8%	40.3%	61.0%	78.0%	66.0%	54.3%	60.5%	57.5%	45.9%
Somewhat Serious	11.9%	5.6%	26.7%	30.9%	23.5%	20.2%	24.9%	31.5%	20.4%	11.4%	20.6%	18.9%	20.3%	24.9%	29.4%
Not too Serious	3.1%	8.6%	13.3%	17.4%	8.0%	8.5%	10.4%	11.7%	7.9%	4.1%	4.2%	8.2%	9.3%	7.0%	12.9%
Not Serious	2.5%	10.2%	5.3%	13.5%	5.7%	12.8%	16.8%	10.2%	8.2%	5.3%	6.2%	14.2%	6.8%	7.2%	5.9%
No Opinion	.9%	4.9%	4.0%	4.3%	4.2%	2.3%	3.0%	6.3%	2.4%	1.2%	2.9%	4.4%	3.1%	3.5%	5.9%

How serious a problem do you think racial discrimination is in health care?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Very Serious	59.9%	30.7%	19.5%	22.4%	38.3%	36.3%	26.7%	21.7%	41.7%	52.8%	47.9%	32.1%	40.3%	37.9%	30.2%
Somewhat Serious	24.0%	28.9%	34.1%	26.3%	30.1%	22.9%	19.5%	32.7%	25.3%	23.0%	24.7%	25.0%	28.8%	29.1%	28.6%
Not too Serious	9.1%	13.2%	26.8%	25.0%	13.7%	14.4%	15.9%	19.2%	12.9%	9.2%	9.3%	15.6%	14.4%	13.4%	20.6%
Not Serious	4.2%	17.4%	14.6%	17.8%	10.2%	20.0%	28.7%	15.9%	13.9%	10.3%	13.4%	17.0%	9.7%	12.6%	12.7%
No Opinion	2.8%	9.8%	4.9%	8.6%	7.7%	6.4%	9.2%	10.5%	6.2%	4.6%	4.6%	10.3%	6.8%	6.9%	7.9%

Do you think that relations between racial minorities and whites will always be a problem for the United States or that a solution will eventually be worked out?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Will eventually be worked out	23.4%	40.2%	30.1%	33.9%	32.8%	36.4%	39.4%	33.8%	31.5%	36.8%	35.6%	31.7%	29.8%	32.9%	31.3%
Will always be a problem	76.6%	59.8%	69.9%	66.1%	67.2%	63.6%	60.6%	66.2%	68.5%	63.2%	64.4%	68.3%	70.2%	67.1%	68.8%

How do you think white people in the United States feel about minorities?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Almost all white people dislike minorities	14.6%	7.2%	9.2%	6.3%	7.9%	11.7%	10.8%	4.8%	10.7%	14.3%	10.2%	10.2%	8.8%	11.3%	9.5%
Many white people dislike minorities	64.6%	51.9%	44.7%	49.0%	56.0%	53.4%	46.8%	47.6%	54.1%	66.3%	56.7%	52.2%	55.3%	53.1%	61.9%
Only a few white people dislike minorities	18.5%	35.3%	34.2%	36.9%	30.3%	30.9%	38.0%	40.0%	30.6%	17.0%	28.9%	32.2%	29.9%	31.1%	22.6%
No Opinion	2.3%	5.5%	11.8%	7.8%	5.8%	4.1%	4.4%	7.7%	4.7%	2.4%	4.3%	5.4%	6.0%	4.6%	6.0%

How do you think minorities in the United States feel about white people?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Almost all minorities dislike whites	5.7%	9.3%	1.4%	10.2%	5.9%	12.3%	13.4%	7.7%	9.3%	7.8%	8.3%	8.3%	8.2%	9.9%	8.2%
Many minorities dislike whites	65.3%	56.0%	58.1%	55.1%	59.9%	56.1%	52.7%	52.0%	58.8%	66.0%	62.1%	56.4%	63.4%	55.5%	61.2%
Only a few minorities dislike whites	25.9%	27.6%	33.8%	23.9%	27.1%	26.6%	28.2%	30.8%	26.5%	23.0%	24.3%	28.3%	21.9%	28.7%	25.9%
No opinion	3.2%	7.1%	6.8%	10.7%	7.0%	5.0%	5.7%	9.5%	5.4%	3.2%	5.3%	7.0%	6.5%	5.9%	4.7%

Who do you think is more responsible for poor status of race relations in America?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Whites mostly responsible	50.2%	31.1%	42.1%	16.5%	33.8%	39.4%	31.8%	26.3%	34.7%	51.5%	42.6%	32.3%	33.3%	35.0%	32.9%
Minorities mostly responsible	4.1%	8.3%	9.2%	9.2%	4.8%	11.2%	14.7%	6.9%	8.5%	5.8%	5.3%	10.9%	7.3%	7.2%	7.1%
Both responsible	41.2%	50.9%	39.5%	60.2%	52.2%	41.7%	44.8%	55.4%	48.9%	37.1%	45.2%	47.6%	52.8%	47.6%	48.2%
Neither responsible	2.7%	6.5%	5.3%	6.8%	5.3%	5.3%	6.4%	5.9%	5.0%	4.4%	4.3%	5.1%	3.1%	7.2%	7.1%
No Opinion	1.8%	3.2%	3.9%	7.3%	3.9%	2.5%	2.3%	5.4%	2.9%	1.2%	2.6%	4.2%	3.4%	2.9%	4.7%

On the whole, do you think most white people want to see minorities get a better break, or do they want to keep minorities down or don't you think they care either way?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Minorities to Get a Better Break	8.9%	25.5%	15.2%	25.3%	19.6%	20.3%	26.5%	26.9%	15.5%	16.4%	17.1%	19.4%	22.0%	18.0%	15.6%
To Keep Minorities Down	55.7%	34.7%	45.5%	29.2%	42.5%	38.7%	30.1%	33.2%	44.7%	46.0%	43.1%	39.4%	40.1%	45.2%	39.0%
Don't Care Either Way	35.4%	39.8%	39.4%	45.5%	37.9%	41.0%	43.4%	39.9%	39.8%	37.6%	39.9%	41.2%	37.9%	36.8%	45.5%

Over the last 10 years, how has the quality of life changed for minorities?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
Has gotten better	34.5%	54.0%	57.3%	57.8%	50.0%	47.3%	50.5%	59.8%	47.5%	36.6%	42.5%	51.9%	51.8%	45.3%	55.3%
Has gotten worst	28.6%	10.3%	12.0%	9.3%	14.2%	18.0%	13.1%	7.0%	15.5%	27.8%	18.3%	12.1%	15.0%	17.7%	18.8%
Has stayed about the same	35.4%	30.9%	28.0%	27.0%	32.0%	30.7%	30.6%	27.1%	34.0%	33.7%	36.2%	31.8%	30.3%	32.7%	17.6%
No opinion	1.6%	4.8%	2.7%	5.9%	3.8%	3.9%	5.7%	6.2%	2.9%	1.9%	3.0%	4.1%	2.8%	4.3%	8.2%

What do you think of racial minorities chances of getting a good education?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
A Better Chance than Whites	1.6%	8.0%	2.6%	12.7%	5.1%	9.1%	17.2%	7.9%	6.7%	4.4%	3.7%	7.0%	7.1%	8.6%	9.5%
As Good a Chance as Whites	20.0%	34.5%	48.7%	49.3%	34.8%	29.3%	24.2%	45.0%	30.5%	19.4%	28.3%	39.6%	31.2%	29.1%	33.3%
Not as Good a Chance as Whites	76.8%	54.9%	46.1%	34.1%	57.1%	59.7%	54.9%	43.4%	61.4%	74.2%	66.7%	50.5%	59.8%	59.6%	50.0%
No Opinion	1.6%	2.7%	2.6%	3.9%	2.9%	2.0%	3.7%	3.8%	1.4%	2.0%	1.3%	2.9%	2.0%	2.7%	7.1%

What do you think of racial minorities chances of getting good employment?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
A Better Chance than Whites	2.0%	10.7%	10.5%	17.6%	7.0%	13.0%	17.2%	11.4%	9.7%	5.1%	7.6%	6.3%	9.9%	11.5%	18.1%
As Good a Chance as Whites	6.3%	23.6%	19.7%	33.2%	20.5%	16.9%	24.2%	27.8%	18.2%	9.2%	13.9%	28.3%	18.8%	15.8%	13.3%
Not as Good a Chance as Whites	89.8%	61.7%	68.4%	44.4%	69.4%	66.7%	54.9%	55.5%	70.2%	83.9%	74.5%	61.6%	68.8%	69.7%	66.3%
No Opinion	1.8%	4.0%	1.3%	4.9%	3.1%	3.4%	3.7%	5.3%	1.9%	1.7%	4.0%	3.8%	2.6%	2.9%	2.4%

What do you think of racial minorities chances of getting quality health care?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
A Better Chance than Whites	2.2%	4.0%		9.8%	4.4%	4.1%	4.7	6.1%	4.1%	2.2%	4.9%	5.0%	1.9%	5.0%	12.3%
As Good a Chance as Whites	12.5%	29.5%	36.8%	48.5%	27.4%	26.3%	33.1	39.3%	24.6%	16.1%	23.5%	34.7%	23.4%	20.8%	31.6%
Not as Good a Chance as Whites	85.3%	66.5%	63.2%	41.7%	68.2%	69.6%	62.2	54.6%	71.3%	81.8%	71.6%	60.4%	74.8%	74.2%	56.1%
No Opinion

What do you think of racial minorities chances of getting stopped by the police?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
A Better Chance than Whites	88.0%	79.0%	69.7%	64.5%	80.3%	78.6%	76.1	72.0%	81.8%	87.2%	85.4%	76.5%	78.5%	81.9%	75.0%
As Good a Chance as Whites	5.7%	12.5%	14.5%	26.1%	11.2%	13.8%	16.8	18.4%	10.2%	7.0%	7.0%	16.5%	15.3%	9.2%	10.7%
Not as Good a Chance as Whites	5.4%	5.7%	9.2%	3.4%	5.3%	5.4%	4.4	6.0%	5.2%	3.9%	5.0%	2.9%	4.2%	7.0%	9.5%
No Opinion	.9%	2.8%	6.6%	5.9%	3.1%	2.3%	2.7	3.6%	2.8%	1.9%	2.7%	4.1%	2.0%	1.9%	4.8%

What do you think of racial minorities chances of being imprisoned?
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
A Better Chance than Whites	90.7%	71.2%	68.0%	57.1%	75.0%	75.8%	70.2	62.4%	79.2%	87.4%	80.9%	73.1%	77.1%	76.8%	74.7%
As Good a Chance as Whites	4.1%	20.0%	13.3%	31.5%	16.4%	16.2%	21.4	26.0%	12.6%	8.5%	12.4%	19.2%	16.7%	13.9%	9.6%
Not as Good a Chance as Whites	4.3%	4.2%	9.3%	3.4%	3.7%	5.3%	4.7	5.3%	4.5%	2.4%	3.7%	1.9%	4.0%	5.9%	6.0%
No Opinion	.9%	4.6%	9.3%	7.9%	4.8%	2.7%	3.7	6.2%	3.6%	1.7%	3.0%	5.8%	2.3%	3.5%	9.6%

As you may have heard, a number of black churches have been destroyed by fire in the United States over the last few years. What do you think these incidents reflect:
	Black	White	Other People of Color	Other	Female	Male	White Male	19 Years and Younger	20 to 39 Years old	40 Years and older	East	South	Midwest	West	Other
the fact that American society is basically racist	61.2%	38.2%	46.1%	39.5%	46.6%	43.3%	32.1	42.5%	43.8%	51.9%	49.8%	39.2%	49.2%	43.7%	40.5%
the fact these are isolated incidents that do not reflect on race relation	13.8%	25.1%	19.7%	17.6%	16.3%	27.3%	33.4	17.8%	22.9%	20.9%	15.9%	24.5%	22.6%	19.0%	27.4%
Neither	1.1%	3.1%	3.9%	2.4%	2.2%	3.0%	3.4	2.9%	2.8%	1.5%	3.3%	2.5%	2.8%	2.4%
Other opinion	21.2%	29.0%	19.7%	32.7%	29.3%	22.5%	26.0	30.1%	26.6%	22.1%	27.2%	28.7%	21.5%	29.8%	20.2%
No opinion	2.7%	4.6%	10.5%	7.8%	5.5%	3.9%	5.1	6.7%	4.0%	3.6%	3.7%	5.1%	4.0%	5.1%	11.9%

Demographics

Race and Ethnicity

	Frequency	Valid Percent
African or African Descendant	451	28.7
Asian or Asian Descendant	76	4.8
Anglo or Anglo Descendant	514	32.7
Hispanic/Latina(o) or Hispanic/Latina(o) Descendant	155	9.8
Indigenous Person, Indian or Eskimo	42	2.7
Multiracial or Biracial	127	8.1
Other	209	13.3
Total	1574	100.0
Missing Values	121
	1695

	Frequency	Valid Percent
People of Color	851	54.1
Anglo	514	32.7
Other	209	13.3
Total	1574	100.0
Missing Values	121
	1695

Gender

Gender	Frequency	Valid Percent
Female	1011	63.9
Male	570	36.1
Total	1581	100.0
Missing Values	114
	1695

Age

Age Categories	Frequency	Valid Percent
19 Years and Younger	593	37.1
20 to 39 Years old	588	36.8
40 Years and older	416	26.0
Total	1597	100.0
Missing Values	98
	1695

Age	Frequency	Valid Percent
Less than 15 years old	74	4.6
15 - 20 years old	519	32.5
21 - 25 years old	222	13.9
26 - 30 years old	137	8.6
31 - 34 years old	102	6.4
35 - 40 years old	127	8.0
41 - 45 years old	121	7.6
46 - 50 years old	109	6.8
51 - 55 years old	111	7.0
56 - 60 years old	45	2.8
61 - 65 years old	17	1.1
Older than 65 years old	13	.8
Total	1597	100.0
Missing Values	98
	1695

State

Regions - State	Frequency	Valid Percent
East	308	22.63
South	318	23.37
Midwest	356	26.16
West	379	27.85
Total	1361	100.0
Missing Values	334
	1695

State	Frequency	Valid Percent
	249	14.7
Alabama	17	1.0
Alaska	8	.5
American Samoa	1	.1
Arizonia	37	2.2
Arkansas	5	.3
California	175	10.3
Colorado	25	1.5
Connecticut	20	1.2
Delaware	5	.3
District of Columbia	10	.6
Florida	83	4.9
Georgia	47	2.8
Hawaii	2	.1
Idaho	14	.8
Illinois	63	3.7
Indiana	45	2.7
Iowa	16	.9
Kansas	18	1.1
Kentucky	19	1.1
Louisiana	11	.6
Maine	4	.2
Maryland	37	2.2
Massachusetts	36	2.1
Michigan	44	2.6
Minnesota	30	1.8
Mississippi	4	.2
Missouri	25	1.5
Montana	3	.2
Nebraska	9	.5
Nevada	13	.8
New Hampshire	4	.2
New Jersey	25	1.5
New Mexico	16	.9
New York	102	6.0
North Carolina	30	1.8
North Dakota	8	.5
Ohio	62	3.7
Oklahoma	15	.9
Oregon	23	1.4
Other Minor Islands	1	.1
Pennsylvania	57	3.4
Rhode Island	3	.2
South Carolina	18	1.1
South Dakota	6	.4
Tennessee	27	1.6
Texas	74	4.4
Utah	12	.7
Vermont	5	.3
Virginia	31	1.8
Washington	52	3.1
West Virginia	20	1.2
Wisconsin	27	1.6
Wyoming	2	.1
Total	1695	100.0

Country

Regions of the World	Frequency	Valid Percent
Africa	6	.4
Asia	7	.5
Europe	61	4.0
Middle East	4	.3
North America & Carribean	77	5.1
Polar Region	2	.1
Oceania	2	.1
South & Central America	5	.3
United States of America	1345	89.1
Total	1509	100.0
Missing Values	186
	1695

Country	Frequency	Valid Percent
Albania	4	.2
Algeria	4	.2
Angola	3	.2
Antarctica	2	.1
Argentina	1	.1
Australia	10	.6
Bulgaria	1	.1
Burkina Faso	1	.1
Canada	72	4.2
Colombia	2	.1
Cote d'Ivoire	1	.1
Czech Republic	1	.1
Denmark	1	.1
El Salvador	1	.1
England	6	.4
France	1	.1
Germany	7	.4
Great Britain	1	.1
Guyana	1	.1
Haiti	1	.1
Italy	3	.2
Jamaica	1	.1
Japan	4	.2
Korea (South)	1	.1
Malawi	1	.1
Malaysia	1	.1
Mali	1	.1
Mexico	2	.1
Netherlands	2	.1
Nicaragua	1	.1
Norway	1	.1
Pakistan	1	.1
Philippines	1	.1
Phillipines	1	.1
Poland	1	.1
Russia	1	.1
Saint Lucia	1	.1
Scotland	3	.2
Select One	176	10.4
Turkey	1	.1
United Kingdom	27	1.6
United States of America	1335	78.8
Uruguay	1	.1
Uzbekistan	1	.1
Vatican City State	1	.1
Virgin Islands (British)	3	.2
Western Sahara	1	.1
Yemen	1	.1
Total	1695	100.0

Copyright Notice

Race, Racism and the Law
Vernellia R. Randall
licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Fair Use Notice

In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. section 107, some material on this website is provided for comment, background information, research and/or educational purposes only, without permission from the copyright owner(s), under the "fair use" provisions of the federal copyright laws. These materials may not be distributed for other purposes without permission of the copyright owner(s). In general, the copyright owner is the author of the article.